西安科学研讨会——不同背景环境下的古迹遗址：变化的城市风貌和自然景观中的文化遗产
国家文物局政府网站 [09/26/2005]
第一部分：
定义古迹遗址所处的背景环境：有形和无形的文化和自然属性的意义
古迹和遗址同时存在于时间和空间里，它们可能受到地理、历史、审美观和社会价值观的影响；古迹遗址的风貌和特征的维系依赖于它们所处的背景环境的延续。
如何定义背景环境？
古迹遗址与其背景环境之间的关系应该是主动还是被动？
背景环境带有文化特殊性还是能够得到普遍一致的理解？
不同类型的古迹遗址是否需要不同类型的背景环境相匹配？
我们需要用何种手段来记录背景环境？
背景环境是否需要法律保护？
我们的宪章和实施细则是否就背景环境问题给予了充分的指导？
世界遗产背景环境有何特殊要求？
第二部分：
古迹遗址环境的脆弱性：充分认识存在的威胁并定义恰当的应对措施。
在拟定保护方案之前，首先要明确威胁的性质和范围，以及遗址本身的脆弱性：威胁的来源，为遏制其后果所需人为干预的规模，以及相应措施的正确性。
应该如何识别和量化自然威胁，例如环境污染、水平面的改变、洪水和地震？
应该如何识别和量化发展中的社会增长及其征兆，如：迅猛的城市化进程、交通和基础建设项目？
如何衡量和量化威胁对古迹遗址背景环境的影响和削弱？
这些影响是否因古迹遗址所处环境的属性各异而有所不同？
如何采取有效的防预措施？如：
——风险防范？
——空间计划？
——管理计划？
世界遗产管理计划是否可以广泛应用于背景环境？
第三部分：
使城市风貌和自然景观与其背景环境协同发展：掌控动态变化
随着城市风貌和自然景观的迅速演变，历史和自然的背景环境正面临着被彻底摧毁的危险。就连城市和乡村由来已久的传统差异也正在被永无休止的城市化进程逐渐销蚀掉。
很多受保护的城市风貌和自然景观是动态发展的实体，发生在那里的变化也得到相应管理以便保护其价值。如何使这种变化管理延伸至周围的背景环境？
我们能否切实定义进化中的城市的背景环境，并使其独特性在周边的农村得以延续？
我们能否或是否应该试图去保护更为广阔的乡村景观的自然环境？
在文化景观中，什么是遗址？什么是遗址的背景环境？
对遗址背景环境变化的管理应该在多大程度上受社会和经济利益的引领?
作为世界遗产的城市风貌和自然景观的变化管理是否同其它事物有着更广泛的关联？
第四部分：
文化线路：来自古迹遗址线性背景环境的挑战
文化线路可能在某种线性背景环境下连接许多地方的，国家的，国际的甚至横贯大陆的多种类型的古迹、遗址，自然和文化景观；目前所面临的挑战是如何定义延伸的文化线路的背景环境，为此，作为著名的横贯大陆的丝绸之路起点的西安开创了一个先例。
文化路线作为一种国际现象能否具备连贯的背景环境？
在文化线路的背景环境方面需要保护什么？ 路线的意义与背景环境有怎样的联系？
如何将文化线路里遗址背景环境的保护管理和当地社会群体的需求和活动联系起来？
文化线路新近已被归入世界遗产，此举带给我们何种启示？
XI`AN SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM
Monuments and Sites in Their Setting: Cultural Heritage in Changing Townscapes and Landscapes
Section I:
Defining the setting of monuments and sites: the significance of tangible and intangible cultural and natural qualities
Monuments and sites exist within both time and space – their setting may be influenced by geographical, historical, aesthetic or social values; sustaining the character and appearance of monuments and sites depends on sustaining their setting.
How can setting be defined?
Should the relationship between monuments and sites and their settings be active or passive?
Are settings culturally specific or can there be a shared understanding?
Do different types of monuments and sites need different types of settings?
What tools do we need to document settings?
Do settings need legal protection?
Do our charters and guidelines give sufficient guidance on settings?
What are the special needs of World Heritage site settings?
Section II:
Vulnerabilities within the settings of monuments and sites: understanding the threats and defining appropriate responses
Before protection can be considered, the nature and scope of threats and vulnerabilities needs defining: where these threats come from the scale of intervention needed to influence change, and the appropriateness of responses.
How do we identify and quantify natural threats such as environmental pollution, changes in water level, floods and earthquakes?
How do we identify and quantify developmental growth and its symptoms such as rapid urbanisation, traffic, infrastructural projects?
How do we measure and quantify the impact of threats and vulnerabilities on setting?
Does the impact vary depending on the nature of the monument or site?
How do we choose effective preventative responses such as:
Risk preparedness?
Spatial planning?
Management plans?
Do World Heritage Management Plans have wider application as a means of protecting setting?
Section III:
Evolving townscapes and landscapes within their settings: managing dynamic change
With rapidly changing townscapes and landscapes, historic or natural settings are at risk of being completely destroyed. Even the traditional contrast between urban and rural setting is being eroded in a seemingly unstoppable expansion of suburban sprawl.
Many protected townscapes and landscapes are dynamic evolving entities in which change is managed to protect their values; how can this management of change be extended to their setting?
Can we realistically define the settings of growing towns and sustain their distinctiveness from their surrounding countryside?
Can we – and should we - attempt to protect the wider, natural settings of rural landscapes?
In cultural landscapes what is the site and what is its setting?
How far should the management of change in settings be guided by social and economic benefits?
Should settings be neutral areas or ones that contribute to the dynamics of the townscape or landscape?
Does the management of change in World Heritage townscapes and landscapes have wider relevance?
Section IV:
Cultural routes: the challenges of linear settings for monuments and sites:
Cultural routes may connect many types of monuments, sites, natural and cultural landscapes in some kind of linear setting, which may be of local, national, international or even transcontinental extent; Xi’an is the starting point for the famous transcontinental Silk Road which could act as an example of the challenges facing the definition of setting along extensive cultural routes.
Can cultural routes, as an international phenomenon, have coherent settings?
what is being protected by settings in cultural routes – how does the setting relate to the significance of the route?
How can the management of settings within cultural routes be related to the needs and activities of local communities?
What can be learnt from existing inscriptions of cultural routes as World Heritage sites?
